cufcJw,fqkdwm uGsefawmfodygw,f
ukd,fu atmufusaewJhtcsdefrSm tNrifhudkMunfhzkdYcufw,f
tNrifhukdarQmfMunfhzkdY tvif;a&mifukd NrifzkdYcufw,f
'gayr,fh uGsefawmf'Duae tm;vkH;ukd aNymcsifwmuawmh
bk&m;ocif cifAsm;wkdYeJYtwl&Sdygw,f
cifAsm;wkdYemusifp&mrvkdbl;
vrf;aysmufp&mrvkdbl;
cifAsm; t&SifNrwfukd,fwkdif cifAsm;wkdYukd aNymaew,f
olu rif;wkdYu ighuav;awG ighrSm &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdw,f
cifAsm;wkdYu t&SifNrwf[m cifAsm;wkdYukd arhaeNyDvkdYxifMuw,f 'gayr,fh r[kwfbl;
cifAsm;vkyf&rSmu em;axmifzkdYoufoufyJ
wrefawmfawG oDcsif;qkdaewm rMum;bl;vm;
rvSbl;vm;
tcktcsdefusNyD
olykdYvTwfvkdufwJh taMumif;t&mukd vufcHzkdYtcsdef
bk&m;ocif&JUpum;udk em;axmifzkdY
MuD;NrwfNcif;&JUtoHukdrMum;bl;vm;
cifAsm;wkdY rMum;Mubl;vm; t&SifNrwf&JUtoHukdrMum;bl;vm;
aumif;aomeHeufcif;yg &Sifu vmaeusvlr[kwfygvm;
[ihftif;..
tpm;0ifwmyg
cifAsm; 'DaeYtaNctaeb,fvkdvJ *vkd&D,m
uGsefr 'DavmufaexkdifvkdYraumif;cJhzl;bl;
taESmifht,SufawGr&Sdbl;aygh
uGsefr t&l;rxbl;vkdYaNymcsifwmvm;
uGsefawmf 'DvkdraNymygbl;
&ygw,f vlawG uGsefrukd b,fvkdxifMurvJ uGsefrodygw,f
cifAsm;b,fvkdxifvJ
uGsefr Nrifvkdufwm tppftrSefyJvkdY,kHw,f
cifAsm; bmNrifhcJhvJ uGsefawmfodcsifw,f
owif;awGrSm NyefYaewmyJav uGsefr vlwpfa,mufESvkH;wnfhwnfhukd "m;eJYxkd;cJhw,f
bmvkdY 'Dvkdvkyf&wmvJ
tJh'g bk&m;ocif&JUqE´av
bk&m;ocifu cifAsm;ukdpum;aNymvm;
bk&m;ocifu tdrfwkdif&ma&mufvm&atmif rtm;bl;xifwmyJ
[ihftif; olwpfNcm;wpfa,mufvTwfvkdufwm
wpfa,mufa,muf
wrefawmf
olu tNzLa&miftvif;wef;MuD;eJY uGsefr qDa&mufvmw,f
uGsefr ukd,fxJukd..
cHpm;csufawGNznhfay;w,f
aNym&awmhcufw,f
tJh'Dwrefawmfu bk&m;ocif&JU
pum;awGaNymoGm;w,f
tJh'Dpum;u vlwpfa,mufukdowfzkdY
Mum;&wm xl;qef;aew,fqkdwm uGsefrodygw,f
'gayr,fh uGsefrvkyfcJhwmu ta&;MuD;w,f
raumif;wJhvlwpfa,mufukd okwfoifvkdufwm
Nyefvnfa&G;EkwfrItwGuf uGsefrukda&G;cs,fcH&wm
cifAsm; "m;eJYxkd;cJhwJholu olYemrnfukd wrefawmfu aNymcJhvm;
[ifhtif;
olu uGsefrukd tcsufNyrIukdapmifhaeygwJh aemufwpfaeYrSmyJ
tJh'Dvl&JUwHcg;ab;rSm uGsefrNrifcJhw,f wef;odw,f
bmvkdY olYukdrS a;&G;cJhwmvJ
uGsefrudk wrefawmfaNymoavmufyJodw,f
tJh'Dvlu twGif;ususukdtNypf&SdaewmwJh
'DavmufyJ uGsefrtwGufvkHavmufygw,f
a[haumif rif;vJvkyfMunfhoifhw,f wu,fhukd arSmf0ifaewJhvufacsmif;awGeJYvkdyJ
rif; tJh'gMuD;eJYt&omcHaewm igawmif raewwfrxkdifwwfNzpfvmNyD
rif;ighukd 'DrSmxnfhydwfxm;wmav
owif;rSmygvmwJh bPf"m;Nyu rif;av igr[kwfbl;
rif;tpkd;&ykdifXmewpfckxJ 'Dtwkdif; 0ifoGm;vkdYb,fNzpfrvJ
ighrSm tJh'DwpfaphyJusefawmhwm
rif;rSm taMuG&Sdao;vm;
[ifhtif;
- rif; tJh'Drdef;rysuft&l;reJYawGYcJhvm; - tif;
*vkd&D,mqpfwfepfcf olr&l;bl;qkdwmawmh aocsmw,f
ol[m wrefawmfeJYxdawGYrI&SdcJhw,fvkdY oltwnf,kHaew,faygh
tif;
tvif;a&mifwef; 0dOmOfqkdif&m txGwftxdyf.. vkyfvkdufwJhtvkyf
tck olaomhcwfxm;wJhtvkHydwfcef;xJrSmae&w,f 'gayr,fh vkH;0Nidrf;csrf;aeovkdyJ
tif; [kwfygw,f ,kHcsifp&mayghav
ol "m;eJYxkd;vkdufwJhvlua&m
um;vf *gvD olYudkowfvkdufwm tJh'Dvlu raumif;wJholNzpfvkdYwJh
- [kwfvm; - rodbl;av
oleJYywfoufwJh tNypf&SmvkdYrawGYbl;
rIcif;rSwfwrf;r&Sdbl; ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufrSmtvkyfvkyfw,f
rdwfaqGawGtrsm;MuD;&Sdw,f bk&m;ausmif;rSefrSefwufw,f
'Dawmh *vkd&D,mu omrefpdwfazmufNyefwJholvm;
'gayr,fh olu bmoma&;taMumif;NyNyD vlowfwJh
yxrqkhH; t&l;awmhr[kwfbl; rif;odvm;
r[kwfbl; wrefawmfaNymvkdYowf&ygw,fqkdwJh vlawGxJrSm 'DNrdKUu 'kwd,vlyJ
xl;qef;w,frxifbl;vm;
tif; obm0vGefNzpf&yfyJ
wrefawmfawGqDuvkdYawmh igrxifbl;
bmvkdYvJ
tJh'grsdK;rSwu,fr&Sdwm
'if;ef igwkdYvkdufESdrfeif;aexufaumifrsdK;awGxuf wrefawmfawGtaMumif;ykHNyifawGu q,fqavmufykdrsm;w,f
at; ,leDuGef;awGeJYywfoufwJh ykHNyifawGvJ trsm;MuD;&SdwmyJ
olwkdYawG aiGa&mifva&mifwef;ay:rSmNzwfoGm;w,f zifuae oufwefYxGufw,fqkdwmawmifMum;zl;w,f
bmvJ ,leDuGef;qkdwm wu,fr&Sdbl;aygh
cspfp&maumif;w,faemf
wu,faNymwmyg wpfcsdKU '@m&DawGu tvum;ygqkdwJh txJxnfhvkdY&wmyJ
'gayr,fh rif;u wrefawmfqkdwmvJ tvum;pm&if;xJxnfhw,faygh
- tif; - bmvkdYvJ
- igNrifrSrNrifzl;wm - tJh'Dawmh bmNzpfvJ
igNrifzl;wmukdyJ,kHr,fav
'if;ef wpfcsdKUvlawGtdrfrufxJrSmawmif rNrifzl;wJh[mawG rif;eJYigNrifzl;cJhw,f
[kwfw,fav
igwkdYrsufvkH;eJY tJh'goufaoyJr[kwfvm;
'gayr,fh 'DwpfcsdefvkH;rSm wrefawmfeJYwlwm wpfcgrSrNrifzl;cJhbl;
igwkdYawG olwkdYeJYwpfcgavmufvrf;MuKHawGYoifhw,frxifbl;vm; 'grSr[kwfawGYzl;cJhwJholwpfa,mufudkodoifhw,frxifbl;vm;
[ifhtif; - 'g 0dOmOf'grSr[kwf raumif;qkd;0g;yJNzpf&r,f
olwkdY wpfcsdKUvlawGukdpm;csifwJhtcg MuKH&vlukd a&G;NyDowfckdif;wmNzpf&r,f
NzpfEkdifygw,f
ig&l;awmhr,f *vkd&D,mhtcef;udkoGm;&atmif
iga&mufcJhNyD;ygNyD
bmrSr&Sdbl; qmvfzf tD;trftufzf
tarT;yGyGiSufawmifMuD;awGaum rawGYcJhbl;vm;
'gayr,fh *vkd&D,muawmh wrefawmf[m aool um;vf*lvD&JUwHcg;ab;rSm erdwfNycJhwmwJh
olYtdrfrSmwpfckck&Sdr,f oGm;MunfhvkdYNzpfwmyJ
a[h qrf
ig&SmawGYNyDxifw,f
'g txufuNywJh oauFwyJ
igawmh oifcef;pmaumif;aumif;&oGm;NyD
c&pfprwftNyiftqifawGukd e,l;&D;,m;NyD;wJhtcg odrf;&ifodrf; r[kwf&if bk&m;ocifapvTwfvkdufwJh rdef;rysufu ypfowfoGm;vdrhfr,f
ig&,faeygw,f
rif;odvm; *vkd&D,mu 'Dvl[mtwGif;ususukd tNypf&SdaewmvkdYaNymw,fav
ol wu,fhudktwGif;cef;udkaNymoGm;wmvm;rodbl;
bmawGYvJ
'gubmvJ
vufonf;
bk&m;ausmif;wufwJh pmMunfhwkduf0efxrf;wpfa,muftwGuf vGefvGef;w,f
*vkd&D,mukdqufoG,fcJhwm bmaumifyJNzpfNzpf olwkdYwu,fodvkdYaNymwm
tJh'gawmh vufcH&vdrfhr,f
tif;
uGsefawmfhemrnf Zufcfyg
bmulnD&rvJ
rif;taMuG,lvmvm;
a[haumif
rif;&JU&GHp&mtusifhMuD;ukd igtm;ray;Ekdifbl;
rif;u tpm;taomufpm;r,fh tpm; t&omcHNyD;taocHoGm;r,fhaumifyJ
rif;bmawGaNymaewmvJ igtpm;pm;ygw,f owif;&xm;w,f
- iga&myJ - tif; rif;t&ifaNym
ausmif;olokH;a,muf ausmif;0if;xJu 'DESpfxJwifaysmufoGm;zl;w,f okH;a,mufvkH;udk pmMunfhwdkufrSmaemufqkH;awGYcJhwm
- um;vf*lvD tvkyfvkyfwJhae&m - tif;
- t&l;aumif - 'Dawmh *vkd&D,m&JUwrefawmfu
- wrefawmf - xm;yg bmyJNzpfNzpf
- ol aemufwpfacgufwkdufckdufNyefNyd - bm
ig rif;rvmcif &Ja&'D,kdukdzrf;em;axmifaewm
vlwpfa,muf&Sdw,f Zufcfprpf NrdKUut&uform;
olu olpdrf;wpfa,muftdrfa&SUoGm; ESvkH;ukd "m;eJYxkd;owfcJhw,f
ol&JqDoGm;NyD;awmh 0efcHvkdufNyDaygh
tif; &kdrma'gifeDvkyfckdif;wm
tck..
ighrSm aool&JUvdyfpm&Sdw,f
bmawGYvJ
olYaps;0,fuwfwavmufyJawGYw,f rif;a&m
'DrSmvJ odyfrawGYbl;
olYuGefysLwmu pum;0SufcHxm;wJhzkdifwpfckuvGJvkdY
aeygOD;
&oGm;NyD
bk&m;
bmvJ
olYrSm *seDzmqkdwJhaumifrav;eJYqufoG,fxm;wJh tD;ar;vfawGtrsm;MuD;yJ
q,fhokH;ESpforD;av;
qufraNymeJYawmh
olwkdY csufwifxJrSmawGYcJhwm
tD;ar;awGuawmh twGif;ususyJ 'if;ef
'DrSm
- olwkdYawGYzkdY tcsdefeJYae&mpDpOfxm;w,f - aumif;om;yJ
'DaeYawGYMu&rSmyJ
wu,fvkdYwpfa,mufa,mufukd "m;eJYxkd;csif&if tcsdefaumif;aygh
raNymwwfbl; wpfrsdK;MuD;yJ
'gayr,fh wpfcsdKU0dOmOfawGu uvJhpm;acscsifwm 'D0dOmOfuawmh aumif;wmawGvkyfaeovkdyJ
'PfcwfewforD;vm;
wpfNcm;b,fenf;eJYaNz&Sif;MunfhrvJ 'if;ef
wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf qufpyfrIr&SdwJhvl okH;a,muf ESvkH;udk"m;eJYtxdk;cH&NyD;aow,f
ESpfa,mufuawmh ESmAl;ppfppfawG
wu,fvkdYaemufwpfa,mufukdvJ aocsm&SmazGEkdif&if
bmvJ
rif;aNymwm um;vf*lvDu bk&m;ausmif; oGm;avh&Sdw,fvkdYaNymw,frvm;
- tif; - olYbk&m;ausmif;emrnfu bmvJ
igwkdY trsdK;orD;&JUwrefawmf
tif; 'DemrnfyJNzpf&rSmaygh
z&efYuvJ tJh'Dbk&m;ausmif;ukdyJoGm;cJhykHyJ
'Dawmh rif;wkdYu bk&m;ausmif;wufzkdY tpDtpOf&Sdw,faygh
uGsefawmfwkdY we*FaEGwkdif;bk&m;ausmif; roGm;&&if raewwfvkdYyg
t&ifrif;wkdYaecJhwm b,frSmygvdrfh
- y&mrGefYwf wuúqufyg - [kwfvm; tJh'DNrdKUu aeaysmfp&myg
pdefYx&pf&Smausmif; rif;wkdYtJh'Du bkef;awmfMuD;ukdodrSmaygh
tif; tif; tJh'g tufzftm tkdr,fvD
igodwmu tufzftma&Smif[ufqD
tif; [kwfw,f tJh'DemrnfyJ uGsefawmf bmaNymvkdufrdvJ
uGsefawmfwkdY 'DukdvmcGifh&wmukdyJ 0rf;omvSygNyDzmom
igwkdYbufuvJ rif;wkdYa&mufvmwJhtwGuf 0rf;omygw,f tckcsdefrSm aoG;opfawGvkdaew,f
apmfum;wmawmhr[kwfbl; 'Dywf0ef;usifu
- odyfokH;r&awmhbl; - rNiif;ygbl;
'gaMumifh 'Du bk&m;ausmif;awGu odyfta&;MuD;aewmaygh
iga[mwwfwJhw&m;vkdyJ xl;Ncm;wJhtNzpfukdarQmfEkdifw,f 'gayr,fh Mum;xJrSmawmh tvkyfMudK;pm;zkdYvdkvdrfhr,fqkdwm
- tif; uGsefawmfwkdYvlowfrIawGtaMumif;Mum;w,f - tif;
aoolawGuighqDrSm tNypfaNzolawG olwkdYeJYodcJhwmMumNyD
tif; aoolawGu wrefawmfuvkyfckdif;vkdYqkdNyD; aNymw,f
tif; vrf;rSm;ydkYcH&wJh0dOmOfawG
bk&m;ocif&JUwrefawmfawGu ay:vmNyD; vlawGukdowfzkdYvrf;nTefw,fqkdwm..
aMuuGJp&myJ
'DawmhcifAsm;u 'DwrefawmfawGtaMumif;qkdwm r,kHbl;aygh
,kHwmaygh igvkyf&wJhtvkyf'gyJav
zmom tJh'grkdufu,fr[kwfvm;
[kwfw,f
aumif;uifwrefMuD; rkdufu,f rD;awmuf"m;eJY
raumif;qkd;0g;awGukdwkdufckdufwJhol ewfqkd;awGukdqefYusifwJh NrifhNrwfwJhtiftm;
olwkdYawGuvlwkdif;xifaewJh u'fay:u ykHoufoufr[kwfbl;
olwkdYu Murf;wrf;&ufpufw,fr[kwfvm;
olwkdYawGu cspfNcif;arwÅmxuf a'goukd ukd,fpm;NyKw,f 'gayr,fh
trSefyJ or®musrf;vm yef;csDtawmfrsm;rsm;u wrefawmfawGukd bk&m;ocif&JUppfonfawmfawGtNzpfykHazmfxm;w,f
wrefawmfwkdY&JUt&Sif olwkdYqDukday:vmw,f
t&Sifhay:xGef;rI&JUusufoa&[m olwkdYukd wkefvIyfaNcmufNcm;apw,f
vkcf 2;9
- uGsefawmfwkdYeJYpum;aNymay;wm aus;Zl;yg zmom - uGsefawmfhbufu aus;Zl;wif&rSmyg
- aemufxyfawGYzkdYarQmfvifhygw,f - 'gubmtwGufvJ zmom
tJh'g zmom*a&*kd&DtwGufyg olu 'DrSm bkef;awmfMuD;NzpfcJhzl;w,f
NzpfcJhw,f
'DavSum;awGay:rSmyJ olqkH;oGm;cJhw,f
olYukd bk&m;ausmif;aNratmufcef;rSmyJ NrKyfESHxm;w,f
- tJh'g b,fwkef;uvJ - NyD;cJhwJhESpfv
olYum;aomhtwGufeJY aoewfeJYypfowfcH&wm
- pdwfraumif;ygbl; - uGsefawmfa&myJ
olu rdwfaqGaumif;wpfa,mufyg
olY&JUaemufqkH;rSwfwkdiftwGufawmif pDrHay;zkdY uGsefawmftcsdefr&SdcJhbl;
'gayr,fh uGsefawmfaNymovkdyJ 'D&yfuGufu Murf;w,fav
ol aoqkH;NyD;uwnf;u uGsefawmf qkawmif;wmr&yfcJhao;bl;
bmtwGufvJ
vGwfaNrmufNcif;twGufav
'Dem;wpf0kdufrSmNzpfaewJh aoG;aNrusrI tMurf;zufrIawGtwGuf
bk&m;ocif wrefawmfawG&JUapmifrrI vdktyfaew,fvkdYxifwmyJ
[kwfuJh aus;Zl;yg aemufrSawGYwmaygh
tif; enf;enf;awmh oabmaygufovkd&SdvmNyD
,kHMunfcsuftNynfheJYbkef;awmfMuD;u Murf;wrf;eJYaoNcif;eJYaooGm;w,f
'g Murf;wrf;wJhuvJhpm;acsrIykHpHrsdK;yJ
ol 'gawGtukefvkH;ukdodaew,fqkdwmu aoolawGu 'Dbk&m;ausmif;ukdvmwufcJhvkYd
igavmif;&Jw,f olu 'DvlawG&JUbkef;awmfMuD;qkdawmh wpfNcm;b,folrS rodwJh taMumif;t&mawGolodaew,f
aemufNyD;awmh a&Ekd;uvJ ulrrIukdvGefcJhwJh ESpfvupNyD; qkawmif;aecJhwmr[kwfvm;
'DtNzpftysuf awGpNzpfvmcJhwJh tcsdef tydkif;tNcm;avmufrSmyJ
rif;uvJ b,fvkdNzpfaewmvJ
bmudkaNymwmvJ
ig ut,kHtMunfrJhwJholqkdwm[kwfygw,f 'gayr,fh rif;ub,fwkef;upNyD;'Davmuf ukdif;&Idif;oGm;&wmvJ
twnfaNymaewm tpykdif;uwnf;u rif;u 'DwrefawmfudpöawGukd,kHcsifaecJhwm
tck aemufbmNzpfrvJ rif;b,fawmhpNyD; aeYwkdif;qkawmif;awmhrSmvJ
qkawmif;w,f
bm
igaeYwkdif;qkawmif;ygw,f
qkawmif;aewmMumNyD
vlwpfa,muftaMumif;odEkdiforQawG..
vm zmom*a&*kd&D&JU*lukdoGm;avhvm&atmif..
qrf vmprf;yg a&SUuoGm;..
qrfrD
- tkdauvm; - tif;
tif;
igbmrSrNzpfygbl;
vm
rif;NrifcJhw,fr[kwfvm;
- [kwfvm; - tif;
[kwfw,f 'if;ef igwrefawmfukdNrifcJhw,f
rif;..
[kwfNyD vm
igraomufcsifbl;
rif; bmvkdY wrefawmfukdNrifcJhw,fvkdYxif&wmvJ
olu..
igha&SUrSmay:vmw,f NyD;awmh..
tJh'DcHpm;csufu ighudkaq;csoGm;ovkdyJ
Nidrf;csrf;rI usufoa&&SdrI
[kwfNyD aumifav; igrif;udk ta&mifawmufwJh wkwfacsmif;&,f a'gufwmpk OD;xkyf&,f0,fay;r,faemf..
'if;ef igtwnfaNymaewm
olu ighukdpum;aNymw,f igb,folvJqkdwm odw,f
tJh'g 0dOmOfoufoufyg qrf
NyD;awmh vlawG&JUpdwfukdzwfEkdifwm olu yxrqkH;r[kwfygbl;
tkdau aeygOD; rif;uvJ tNypfom;wpfa,mufukd acsrIef;zkdYa&G;cs,fcHvkduf&NyDaygh
rif;u xl;Ncm;wJhtcsufNyefrIwpfckukdapmifh&r,f [kwfw,frvm;
tif; [kwfw,f
aumif;om;yJ
tJh'DaumifbmvkyfvJqkdwm rif; rar;vkdufbl;r[kwfvm;
igar;vkdufw,f 'if;ef wrefawmfuvJaNymNyw,f
ol bmrSawmhrvkyf&ao;bl;
'gayr,fh vkyfvdrfhr,f
'gu.. igr,kHEkdifp&myJ
'if;ef 'DwrefawmfurrSm;ao;bl;
vlwpfa,mufa,mufu raumif;wmwpfckvkyfawmhr,f igwm;Ekdifvdrfhr,f
rif;vJ raumif;wJholNzpfoGm;awmhrSm qrf 'gqkd igvJ rif;udktckuwnf;u wm;&&ifaumif;r,f
'if;ef igawmh em;rvnfbl;
rif;u NzpfEkdifacs&Sdw,fvkdYawmif bmvkdY vufrcHEkdif&wmvJ
- bmvJ wrefawmf&Sdw,fqkdwmvm; - tif;
igwkdY wrefawmfukdaNc&mcHaewmNzpfr,f igwkdY &yfvkdufoifhw,f
'gbk&m;ocif&JUtvkdawmfNzpfrSmaygh
tkdau aumif;ygNyD
igodw,f oabmaygufw,f rif;u ,kHMunfcsuf&Sdw,f
tJh'g rif;twGufaumif;ygw,f 'Dawmh taNctaeawG ykdvG,foGm;wmaygh
wpfNcm;b,fol ,kHMunfcsufxm;cJhao;vJ odvm; tar
ol ighukdodyfwJhtcsdefwkdif;rSm igwkdYukd wrefawmfawGu b,fvkdapmifha&SmufaewJhtaMumif;tNrJwrf;aNymw,f
aNym&&if tJh'g olighukdaemufqkH;aNymcJhwmyJ
rif; ighudkwpfcgrSraNymzl;bl;
bmaNym&rSmvJ
ol rSm;w,fav
olYukd b,folrS umuG,fray;aecJhbl;
ykdMuD;NrwfwJh tiftm;qkdwmr&Sdbl; bk&m;ocifqkdwmr&Sdbl;
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